How to Find the Gemini Constellation

The Gemini constellation is one of the most ancient known star patterns. People have been observing it since earliest human history, and it was first charted by the Greek-Egyptian astronomer Claudius Ptolemy as part of his sky mapping activities. The name Gemini is the Latin word meaning twins, and most star-chart makers depict the stars in this constellation as a pair of twin boys.   Finding Gemini Constellation Look for Gemini in the sky near the constellations Orion (which has some fascinating sights of its own) and Taurus. For northern hemisphere viewers, its a winter star pattern and its two brightest stars, Castor and Pollux, are part of an unofficial asterism called the Winter Hexagon. That pattern contains six bright stars from the constellations Gemini, Orion, Canis Major, Canis Minor, and Taurus. Gemini looks like two long strings of stars extending down from Castor and Pollux, which are the heads of the twins. The easiest way to find it is to look for Castor and Pollux east of the vee-shaped Hyades cluster, which makes up the face of Taurus the Bull. The best views of this star pattern are available when it is straight overhead early in the new year. It remains visible until late spring, when it disappears into the sunset glow.   The Winter Hexagon is made up of the brightest stars from the constellations Orion, Gemini, Auriga, Taurus, Canis Major and Canis Minor. Carolyn Collins Petersen The Story of Gemini The mythology of the ancient Greeks and the Babylonians concerned a pair of twins in the sky.  For the Babylonians, these boys were in the realm of the gods, and they called them Meshlamtea and Lugalirra. They were related to a more important god, named Nergal, who presided over the Underworld and was thought to bring about all kinds of misfortune, disease, and other ills. The Greeks and Romans called these stars after the twin sons of Zeus and the maiden Leda. The Chinese saw a bird and a tiger in these stars. The modern constellation of the twins was set by Ptolemy and formalized by later stargazers. The formal area of the sky that contains the twins was set by the International Astronomical Union and contains other stars beyond the main ones, plus nearby deep-sky objects.   The Stars of Constellation Gemini Gemini constellation is dominated by the bright stars Castor and Pollux. These are also known as ÃŽ ± (alpha) Geminorum (Castor) and ÃŽ ² (beta) Geminorum (Pollux). Castor may look like only one star, but in reality, it contains six stars in orbit with each other. It  lies some 52 light-years from Earth. Twin brother Pollux is an orange giant star that lies about 34 light-years away from the Sun. Pollux also has at least one planet in orbit around it.   The official chart showing the stars of the constellation Gemini, provided by the IAU. IAU/Sky Telescope.com   Stargazers who want to explore other stars in Gemini might find ÃŽ µ (epsilon) Geminorum, which is interesting since its a binary star that can be seen through telescopes. One member of the pair is also a Cepheid variable star that brightens and dims with a period of about 10 days.   Deep-Sky Objects in Gemini Constellation Gemini isnt enriched with a lot of deep-sky objects. This is because its situated away from the plane of the Milky Way, where most of the clusters and nebulae exist. However, there are a few things that observers can search out in the constellation. The first is a star cluster called M35.  Its what astronomers call an open cluster. That means that its stars are fairly scattered through space but are still traveling together. There are about 200 stars in M35, and this cluster can be seen with the naked eye from dark-sky sights. Its also a lovely sight through binoculars or a telescope. Look for it near Castors foot.   The open star cluster M35 (lower right) in the constellation Gemini. 2MASS/NASA.   Skygazers up for a challenge can also search out two dim planetary nebulae in Gemini. These are clouds of gas that have formed around dying sun-like stars. The first is the Eskimo Nebula (also known as NGC 2392).  It has been imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope and is about 4,000 light-years from Earth.  Search it out by looking just to the left of Polluxs waist (marked 2392 on the chart). The other object is called the Medusa Nebula, and its a real challenge to see.  Search for it along the border with Canis Minor, below Polluxs knee. The Eskimo Nebula in Gemini, as seen by Hubble Space Telescope. NASA/ESA/STScI   Finally, meteor shower fans spend each December 13-14 observing the Geminid Meteor shower. Its a shower created by a stream of material left behind by the asteroid 3200 Phaethon as it orbits the Sun. The meteors are not actually from Gemini, but they appear to radiate from the constellation. In a good year, observers can spot upwards of 100 or so meteors per hour from this shower.   Gemini in Modern Culture As a starry constellation, Gemini has appeared in both space science and astronomy, as well as science fiction. NASAs Gemini missions were named for this star pattern because they each carried two astronauts to space. The Gemini Observatory has two domes, one in Hawaii and one in Chile, both inspired by the starry twins. Finally, science fiction writer Robert A. Heinlein named two of his teenaged characters after the two bright stars Castor and Pollux.

Essay about Reaching My Students Through Real World...

Reaching My Students Through Real World Experiences High school teachers face the challenge of preparing their students for the real world. Students need real world preparation, not just acumen. Reaching my students involves building encouraging relationships and a sense of security within the classroom. Sharing my personal experiences, as well as the testimonies of others, can be an effective motivational tool for preparing college-bound students for the real world. My role as a teacher involves communicating the many obstacles college students face. Providing students the psychological preparation they need will alleviate fears and frustrations high school seniors often face while anxiously anticipating the vast college experience.†¦show more content†¦The real world exists far beyond the college level, as every day we are learning. John Spayde’s article, Learning in the Key of Life, emphasizes this lifetime learning process as connections to the real world. How will secondary education prepare one for college, or mo re importantly, for life? Learning is constant, necessary for success beyond economic factors. Success should not be measured by dollars, but to a peaceful state of mind. I have personally found that wisdom does not equal knowledge. Wisdom propels the spirit, builds the character of a person, and enhances one’s view of life. Wisdom is attained through time and experience, not in the classroom. Spayde addresses a richness of life within the knowledge of the humanities. He defines something he calls â€Å"slow knowledge,† a knowledge â€Å"shaped and calibrated to fit a particular ecological and cultural context.† His aim of slow knowledge is â€Å"resilience, harmony, and the preservation of long-standing patterns that give our lives aesthetic, spiritual, and social meaning† (61). I believe this generation has not been exposed enough to learning through slow knowledge. Teachers must incorporate these basic fundamentals in learning that enable students to a cknowledge and appreciate the rewards of their endurance. The greater rewards areShow MoreRelated Educational Goals and Philosophy Essay examples1264 Words   |  6 PagesGoals and Philosophy As a student of education, I have been able to gather many ideas and opinions about practices and ideals I want to implement in my future classroom. My philosophies about education are still being formed and continually change with every class I visit and with every educator I encounter. My ideas, admittedly, come from random experiences and intangible texts, but as I gain more experience in the field through my courses, my philosophies about teaching will becomeRead MorePlato’S Idea Of A Teacher Is One Whose Soul Boldly Faces1291 Words   |  6 Pagesself-motivated seeker of truth. In his allegory The Cave, he describes guiding minds toward what is real and important and allowing them to seize it for themselves. In this cave, prisoners’ backs are to the sun and they are only experiencing life through the shadows that the sun casts. However, by removing the shackles and turning towards the light, the prisoners will be able to see and experience the rea l things that have cast the shadows. Consequently, a student’s back can be to the light and onlyRead MoreThe Broader Picture Of Education924 Words   |  4 Pageslife lessons and basic knowledge of the world around them. It helps them become a better person to be around and work with. Education is important in many ways. Students learn to solve the bigger problems as well as learning communication and organizational skills which are key components to success not only in school, but out of school as well; but these important life lessons are becoming more difficult to achieve due to the growth of technology. Through the learning of the basic subjects in schoolRead MoreIs Charitable Donations The Current Situation Of Education Inequality?1382 Words   |  6 Pagessense I think it does a lot of good things.† (Lin) Again, the governor’s approach will only aid the current situation of education inequality. I believe this is just one step in the right direction for creating more educational opportunities for students in dire need. We still need to pressure him and government officials to do more. We need to make a more concrete plan to end education discrimination. The Jay Pinson STEM education program at San Jose State is one organization pulling togetherRead MoreMusic, Theater, And Dance From The Inside Out900 Words   |  4 Pages At age eighteen, I underwent one of the most strenuous experiences of my life when I attended a prestigious musical theatre conservatory. From 7:30a until 10:00p Monday through Friday, I never stopped moving. I committed to studying music, theatre, and dance from the inside out. I consulted newspaper archives and interviewed playwrights in order to understand my characters’ backgrounds. I delved into every aspect of the plays I was assigned, like an investigator rather than a performer, learningRead More Example of a Personal Statement Essay examples632 Words   |  3 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During my years of living, I have experienced many things. Many of which have made me who I am today. Many of the things I have done have caused me to want more in life, to expand not only my knowledge, but also my horizons. In reflecting back on what I have done in life, it shows me that I am well on my way of doing that. I feel as though I am a very determined, hard-working, versatile person who is ready for college and the world. Various factors have caused me feel this way.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My interestRead MoreMy Ability As An Effective Teacher1342 Words   |  6 PagesI have always questioned my ability as an effective teacher. Every lesson I teach or conjure up in the wee hours of the night requires the learner in mind. Hospitals are for patients, so schools should be for students. Yet, there is a constant gravitation towards running schools based on money and logistics. These issues are out of the educator’s hands, but the ideals, and the decision makers, that fuel them can have detrimental effects on the teachers recruited to the field and the effectivenessRead MoreReflection Paper1022 Words   |  5 Pagesorder for her students to mimic the strategy so they can internalize it, in hopes for the students to use the strategy when reading in order to become self-regulated learners. At one point of the video, the teacher uses a peer sharing strategy where the teacher ask the students to turn to their neighbor and come up with a good summary of the story they just read, this is an example of cooperative learning. Cooperative learning, (as cited by Slavin and Schunk, 2017) is when â€Å"students work togetherRead MoreTeaching Diversity And Equitable Classrooms Versus Teacher Activism Essay1155 Words   |  5 Pagesbetween teaching diversity and equitable classrooms versus teacher activism. In this paper, I will be reflecting upon my experiences teaching, learning and unlearning as a teacher candidate. Throughout this course, I learned that educators should engage in critical social action, and these actions can come in many different forms. The school is a place where students can share experiences and knowledge differences. Educators can start by create a classroom environment where these conversations can occurRead MoreEvaluation Of An Integrated Lesson Plan901 Words   |  4 Pages Through the lesson plans that we developed, I’ve learned how to implement art that is developmentally appropriate, meaningful, and challenging for students. The integration of art must be meaningful to the lesson but also challenging for the students. The integrated lesson plan must also consider a diverse classroom, allowing all students equal access to what is being taught. Most importantly, art experiences must help each child meet challenging and achievable learning goals. As teachers, we must

The Picture of Dorian Gray Free Essays

ure Khadijah Wiley Boswell British Literature 12-5-10 The Picture of Dorian Gray Social classes are very evident in The Picture of Dorian Gray; they are represented through some of the main characters. The goal of this analysis is to identify the factors, which influence people’s ideals about social classes. The theme of social classes in The Picture of Dorian Gray is effectively revealed through the main characters Dorian, Lord Henry, and Basil. We will write a custom essay sample on The Picture of Dorian Gray or any similar topic only for you Order Now In opposition, social classes are seen as possible supplement to beauty, wealth and intelligence. The proponents of vanity would say that it is the reoccurring factor in the book, being that all of Dorian’s actions revolved around a gorgeous portrait painted by Basil. Dorian’s portrait had changed his behavior tremendously making it seem as though he was overcome by his own beauty that he could not judge his actions accurately. â€Å"People have cognitive bias. They assume that if someone is attractive, she possesses other positive traits, such as kindness and intelligence,† says behavioral psychologist Stephen Josephson, Ph. D. , of Weill Cornell Medical College (Landman par. ). The actions of Dorian Gray are mainly due to the influence of the high-class society. The upper class in modern capitalist societies is often distinguished by the possession of largely inherited wealth. (Characteristics of the Principal Classes par. 2). The influence of the high class had tremendous effect on Dorian. The people associated with the upper class influenced his behavior to become detrimental to his overall mental health; along with that the pressure to be the best and to be on the throne of society eventually lead to Dorian’s demise. The fact that his picture was changing with his actions shows that he clearly had a conscious and knew that the actions he was displaying were inhumane. The dominant class, according to Marx, controls not only material production but also the production of ideas†¦(Karl Marx’s Social Theory of Class par. 1) Therefore, social classes can be seen as corrupt influences that dangerously affect a human’s behavior, through Dorian’s struggle with himself. Lord Henry had so much power in society that he lost track of what really was important. Lord Henry played a big part in Dorian’s demise, he told him many times that intelligence, wealth, and beauty, is the only way to succeed in life. Dorian took these words to heart and did everything possible to be known in the high classes. He had become obsessed with being known for his money and his social standpoint, and lost sight of what was important in his life. â€Å"Geniuses†¦ are always talking about themselves, when I want them to be thinking about me. †(Wilde, An Ideal Husband). Lord Henry was divorced from his estranged wife who probably could not take his insistent lectures about what it means to be high class. His lectures on social class and power heavily influence Dorian. Basil believed in the power of social classes, and he revealed it through his portrait of Dorian. Basil was very fond of Dorian and his looks. He called his painting by far the prettiest he has ever created. (Wilde, pg 15). Basil painted Dorian picture because he thought he was handsome, intelligent, and wealth, that intern he felt that he was high on the social chain. Basil felt that Dorian could take him places in his career. Basil also was influenced by the high-class life; this is partly the reason that he became an artist. He wanted to be known with the big names of society, and he wanted to become one of the great artists of all time. The need to be known contributed to his death. As he tried to change Dorian’s behavior, Dorian became enraged and murdered Basil in cold blood. Even though he tried to change his viewpoint on life, it was too late, and there was no going back. In conclusion, vanity is a relevant theme in the novel but; social classes play a bigger part. The theme of social classes is clearly represented through each of the main characters in different ways. Dorian was overcome by his own reflection that his behavior was dangerously affected in a negative way, which eventually lead to his suicide. Lord Henry was so focused on his intelligence and social standpoint that he lost everything that was valuable to him. Basil was trying to be successful, but went about it in the wrong way, which eventually lead to his murder. All these things play a part not only in a novel, but in life as well. â€Å"Never speak disrespectfully of society. Only people who can’t get into it do that. † says Oscar Wilde in an interview. Works Cited â€Å"Characteristics of the Principle Classes. † Encyclop? dia Britannica Online School Edition. Web. 08 Dec. 2010. http://school. eb. com. â€Å"Karl Marx’s Social Theory of Class. † Encyclop? dia Britannica Online School Edition. Web. 08 Dec. 2010. http://school. eb. com. Landman, Beth. â€Å"Why Looks Matter. † EBSCO Publishing Service Selection Page. Web. 08 Dec. 2010. http://web. ebscohost. com. Wilde, Oscar, and Alvin Redman. â€Å"Genius. † The Wit and Humor of Oscar Wilde. New York: Dover Publications, 1959. Print. Wilde, Oscar, and Alvin Redman. â€Å"Society. † The Wit and Humor of Oscar Wilde. New York: Dover Publications, 1959. Print. Wilde, Oscar. The Picture of Dorian Gray. New York: Modern Library, 1992. Print. How to cite The Picture of Dorian Gray, Essay examples

Computer Security And Encryption Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Computer Security And Encryption. Answer: Encryption Symmetric key encryption Encryption of data has become an important part of data storage in every sphere. The messages and files which is being sent form one person to another using the internet or any other mode of transfer should have proper security and it must be kept in mind that the message is sent to the actual recipient of it and not in someone elses hands. In the method of symmetric key encryption, there is a separate key for each of the computer system (Sindhuja Devi, 2014). The key is used to help in the encryption procedure and then transfer it over to the receiver of the message using the network they are connected to. During the process of sending the message over to the receiver of the message it is important to know which computer system is going to interact with the message. This would mean that the key for the decryption of the message needs to be installed into the system or else the receiver will not be able to view the message. The drawback of using this process is that the transferring of the key is the most important aspect of the message relay. If the key falls into the wrong hand or is sent to a wrong receiver then the whole message system is compromised (Bashyam et al., 2015). The use of symmetric key means that both the sender and the receiver of the message system has to know a single encryption key which will help them to encrypt and decrypt the message and continue exchanging information. The use of the same key is the most beneficial dorm of messaging system in the symmetric key encryption. Public key encryption The method of public key encryption is often referred to as the system of cryptographic exchange of messages with the help of two un-identical keys a public key shared among the users and a private key confidential to a single person in the network (Abdalla, Benhamouda Pointcheval, 2016). The public key is known to everyone in the network they are connected to and the private key is only share with the person on the receiving end of the message. The security aspect of the use of this mode of message sharing is the generation of the private key if someone gets to know what the public key is. Looking from the point of view of the hackers it would be practically impossible for them to generate the private key which would help them in decrypting the message (Xu et al., 2013). Hashing The use of hashing function is the available in all the applications which are using information system as a part of their system (Lin et al., 2014). The use of this technology is important from the point of view of the user. The technology offers security measures to the use of the internet and thee communication medium that the user is using. The hash function is basically a mathematical function which had the property of converting the input value into a much more compressed value of the same type. The hashed value returned is termed as message digest or hash value. Technique Used For Confidentiality and Authentication The most popular implementation of the cryptography standard is the use of Hashing. This process can directly ensure the process of confidentiality and authentication (Xia et al., 2014). In the world of computer system the use of confidentiality and authentication plays a very important role from the aspect of data storage. Everyone on the same network has to keep their data safe from the hackers and others on the same network. Two direct application of the hash function are discusses below: Password Storage: the storage of password is integral part of keeping information safe. If the passwords fall into the wrong hands then valuable information may get stolen from the individual. Hashing of the passwords make it unreadable to the hackers who are prying into the individuals passwords (Bhullar, Pawar Kumar, 2016). After hashing even if the data is not hidden then the hacker will only be able to see hashes. Logging into the system using these information or decrypting the information will be next to impossible for the hacker. This is due to the fact that the hashing is done with the help of pre image resistance. Integrity Data check: the data checking integrity can be defined as the most common application of the working of hashing function in the process of generating the checksums o the data files in the servers. The integrity check can help the user to detect the changes in the original file. The concept does not provide and sort of positive assurance related to keeping the originality of the data file in the server (Patel, Kasat, 2017). The use of this concept can be helpful for the user who knows that there is a change in the originality of the data. Secure Networks Denial of service attack is a passive attack on the network server where the server or the network traffic is flooded with unrequired resources which results in the network to slow down. The result makes the whole network to slow down and the resources are not able to be accessed (Tan et al., 2014). The server gets congested with requests from different websites which eventually makes the server to fall down. The server crash then does not let any work to happen which can be resolved by rebooting the whole server. There are some steps which can be followed by an organization to stop the process of denial of service attack: Monitoring the traffic level of the network: the main working procedure of the denial of service attack is the dumping of unrequired resources into the data stream of the network. This produces an increased amount of requests to different servers and floods the network with the acknowledgements form the requests (Merlo et al., 2014). The best way to implement the stopping procedure for the denial of service attack is to use a monitoring system of the network that is connected to the server. This way if there is a hike in the traffic requests the administrator monitoring the server will be able to check the system and stop before the attack even begins. The administrator has to keep up with the amount of requests that will be getting generated and instantly shut the server down as soon as there is a hike in the amount of requests. The administrator can also set up an upper limit in the threshold limit which will help is directly disconnecting the systems from the server. Produce a risk mitigation plan for the attack: the main aspect of the process is to stop the attack as soon as it happens. The other way is to redirect the attack procedure to another server which would be able to take up the denial off service attack. Though the use of this process is not foolproof but it might help in the mitigation of the risk that can be associated with the attack. The server can be configured separately which will be redirected to when there is a high rise in the traffic flow in the network (Guo et al., 2015). Log datas should be dumped regularly after correct monitoring of the data to ensure that the network is not being misused by the employees and also to check whether there are any kind of other IP connecting the network. There should be a confirmation procedure in the server which will help in obtaining the DNS time to live for the systems connected to the network which might help in understanding which of the system are vulnerable to the attack. Access Control Rules of working in secure areas Integrity of physical security: Closing of door after the authorized person has entered. Not to leave any door open or unguarded in the working area. Debar from unauthorized and unsupervised access of data by the technicians and maintenance workers (Peppard Ward, 2016). Integrity of environmental security: No eating of foods and beverages in the work environment. Not to store hazardous materials in the work environment Use of good fire protection mechanism. Mechanical failures should be reported at once (Pearlson, Saunders Galletta, 2016). Authorization of different activities: Approval from the ITS is necessary to go on with any changes in the work. Risk mitigation document should be created and followed Equipment cabinet should not be opened without authorization. Damaged system and materials should be looked after at once (Chang et al., 2015). Reduction in the unauthorized use of desktop PC Security protocol with respect to computer system can be defined as restricting the use of the system with an unauthorized access. The task of securing a system is challenging. Hackers has always been considered to have the upper hand in the technological aspect of accessing such files and system with unauthorized access (Bila et al., 2015). Though the best decision would be the use of security measures to secure the system. The following are some of the ways which can be used by the administrator to secure the access of the computer system connected to a network: Regular system update and upgrades: the use of the operating system is to help the user ot work freely on the system. Though this help can become a bane when the system updates are not installed on the correct time and the hackers can find the backdoor to the system using the codes lagging due to the updates not being done (Bila et al., 2015). Web browser: to stay connected to the internet it is important for the user to use a web browser. There are many options available in the market which would help the user to stay connected. They are mainly open source in nature and can be changed by anyone with the knowledge of coding. This becomes a drawback as hackers can change the coding of the web browser and send the pirated version to the users as an update. This would make any data entry into the web browser be logged remotely and the web browser may also be used as a secret route inside the system network thus getting access to the files on the server (Bila et al., 2015). Pirated softwares: the use of pirated softwares has increased in the recent times. Due to the high pricing of the original software users often tend to look for cheap or practically free. This makes the pirated software to pose a threat to the system network. The most notorious attacks are launched from java based programs and servers. This is the reason that the Homeland Security asks to disable the java updates on their systems (Pearlson, Saunders Galletta, 2016). Malware and virus: a simple virus is able to do tasks that any normal person with the full access to a system cannot do. This is the reason virus and malwares are dangerous for any system. Some of virus in the system often try not to damage the hardware and just damage the files and on the system and eventually spread to the server. A spyware can get activated when the file is opened in the system. The virus can also get downloaded when the user suddenly clicks on any pop up box from the browser (Pearlson, Saunders Galletta, 2016). Firewalls The installation of an intrusion detection system helps in monitoring any unknown source of entry into the system. The result then can be analyzed to find any suspicious pattern in the system which might imply that someone was trying to get into the system form outside (Lin et al., 2014). The use of an intrusion detection system can be termed as a passive help to the monitoring of the network. It would just be suggesting the organization that there had been an unauthorized access to the network from outside. There are two ways in which the working can be done; first by the use of ID filtering and the second is to have packet stream analysis of the traffic data. Deep packet inspection (DPI) The use of deep packet inspection does not imply only to the checking of the header and the footer of the packets of information that is travelling to and from the server. The DPI has to look at every single packet as a whole and check if it legal or not (Bremler-Barr et al., 2014). This is the process of decision making procedure used by the firewall to sieve out the wrong and illegal packets from the stream of data. The DPI checks into the packets passing through the stream and does the decision making procedure and then finally allows the correct packet through the stream. The Deep packet inspection can be used to enforce a strong foundation in the security aspect of the organizations servers. The officer is responsible for the checking of the packets one by one and telling the firewall or the system that the packet is not illegal. The use of different network management tools can be also used to filter out the different packets from the data stream (Hofstede et al., 2014). These tools can also be used to provide better insight to the packets that are being filtered. They can eventually make up a report for the network usage and the informations which has been requested and analyzed. The data can also be later used for forensic analysis of the network. Packet Stream Analysis The use of a packet stream analysis can be done in both legitimate way and illegitimately. During the use of the technology in a legitimate way transmission error and network and data can be tracked (Lim et al., 2014). The main objective of this technology is the use of network detection. The process of using packet capture can be compared to process of telephone tapping in sense of detecting any problem in the computer network. The implementation of this process can help in the troubleshooting of nay network problem. The use of a packet sniffer in the network can be used for a variety of network procedure and analysis. This can be used to find an intrusion in the network of the system. Thus it can be said that the method can be used to serve the primary process of the network (Martin, Brito Fetzer, 2014). References Abdalla, M., Benhamouda, F., Pointcheval, D. (2016). Public-key encryption indistinguishable under plaintext-checkable attacks. IET Information Security, 10(6), 288-303. Bashyam, S. L. R., Shankar, K., Kadiyala, S., Abuzneid, A. S. (2015). Hybrid cryptography using symmetric key encryption. Research Gate, (6). Bhullar, R. K., Pawar, L., Kumar, V. (2016, October). A novel prime numbers based hashing technique for minimizing collisions. In Next Generation Computing Technologies (NGCT), 2016 2nd International Conference on (pp. 522-527). IEEE. Bila, N., Wright, E. J., Lara, E. D., Joshi, K., Lagar-Cavilla, H. A., Park, E., ... Satyanarayanan, M. (2015). Energy-oriented partial desktop virtual machine migration. ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS), 33(1), 2. Bremler-Barr, A., Harchol, Y., Hay, D., Koral, Y. (2014, December). Deep packet inspection as a service. In Proceedings of the 10th ACM International on Conference on emerging Networking Experiments and Technologies (pp. 271-282). ACM. Chang, M. J., Jung, J. K., Park, M. W., Chung, T. M. (2015, July). Strategy to reinforce security in telemedicine services. In Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT), 2015 17th International Conference on (pp. 170-175). IEEE. Guo, Y., Ten, C. W., Hu, S., Weaver, W. W. (2015, February). Modeling distributed denial of service attack in advanced metering infrastructure. In Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT), 2015 IEEE Power Energy Society (pp. 1-5). IEEE. Hofstede, R., ?eleda, P., Trammell, B., Drago, I., Sadre, R., Sperotto, A., Pras, A. (2014). Flow monitoring explained: From packet capture to data analysis with netflow and ipfix. IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials, 16(4), 2037-2064. Lim, C. L., Lee, K. S., Wang, H., Weatherspoon, H., Tang, A. (2014, March). Packet clustering introduced by routers: Modeling, analysis and experiments. In Information Sciences and Systems (CISS), 2014 48th Annual Conference on (pp. 1-6). IEEE. Lin, G., Shen, C., Shi, Q., Van den Hengel, A., Suter, D. (2014). Fast supervised hashing with decision trees for high-dimensional data. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (pp. 1963-1970). Lin, Y. D., Lin, P. C., Prasanna, V. K., Chao, H. J., Lockwood, J. W. (2014). Guest editorial deep packet inspection: Algorithms, hardware, and applications. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 32(10), 1781-1783. Martin, A., Brito, A., Fetzer, C. (2014, May). Scalable and elastic realtime click stream analysis using streammine3g. In Proceedings of the 8th ACM International Conference on Distributed Event-Based Systems (pp. 198-205). ACM. Merlo, A., Migliardi, M., Gobbo, N., Palmieri, F., Castiglione, A. (2014). A denial of service attack to UMTS networks using SIM-less devices. IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing, 11(3), 280-291. Patel, F. S., Kasat, D. (2017, February). Hashing based indexing techniques for content based image retrieval: A survey. In Innovative Mechanisms for Industry Applications (ICIMIA), 2017 International Conference on (pp. 279-283). IEEE. Pearlson, K. E., Saunders, C. S., Galletta, D. F. (2016). Managing and Using Information Systems, Binder Ready Version: A Strategic Approach. John Wiley Sons. Peppard, J., Ward, J. (2016). The strategic management of information systems: Building a digital strategy. John Wiley Sons. Sindhuja, K., Devi, P. S. (2014). A symmetric key encryption technique using genetic algorithm. International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, 5(1), 414-6. Tan, Z., Jamdagni, A., He, X., Nanda, P., Liu, R. P. (2014). A system for denial-of-service attack detection based on multivariate correlation analysis. IEEE transactions on parallel and distributed systems, 25(2), 447-456. Xia, R., Pan, Y., Lai, H., Liu, C., Yan, S. (2014, July). Supervised Hashing for Image Retrieval via Image Representation Learning. In AAAI (Vol. 1, pp. 2156-2162). Xu, P., Jin, H., Wu, Q., Wang, W. (2013). Public-key encryption with fuzzy keyword search: A provably secure scheme under keyword guessing attack. IEEE Transactions on computers, 62(11), 2266-2277.

Mbuti Community Essays - African Pygmies, Colin Turnbull

Mbuti Community In his book, The Forest People, Colin Turnbull achieves the taste and feel of life inside a Mbuti community, but in doing so offers a skewed anthropological look at the peoples of the African Congo. When reading the book, I did truly feel a part of the Mbuti world, but I also noticed a lack of anthropological accuracy when it came to portraying effect had on Pygmies by the lives and cultures of surrounding natives. Not only does Turnbull lack respect non-Pygmy culture, but he also doesn't much account for the possibility of change as he idealizes the Mbuti belief and living system in the state it currently exists. As illustrated quite early in the book when Cephu's daughter dies of dysentery, the Mbuti people copy some of the patterns of ritual grief used by their villager Negro neighbors. It is clear from their behavior that the Pygmies hold little stock in the cultural beliefs of the villagers, and play along simply to not upset the good food source they can use the Negroes as. However, the way that Turnbull portrays this relationship is extremely one-sided, often times not even giving the "Negroes" the dignity of a tribal name. His treatment of their beliefs is similar, and gives only the vaguest reasons for their behavior, citing belief in spirits and fear of the forest. Since Negro customs obviously affect pygmy behavior, it seems curious that Turnbull should come so close to completely ignoring cultural reasons driving it. Forces moving culture are much clearer and completely defined when Turnbull follows the pygmies into the forest and away from the influence of surrounding villages. Here, the ritual of the molimo is seen in its pure state, as are other rituals such as marriage and the elima. From the Mbuti (and therefore Turnbull's) point of view, it is there in the middle of the forest that everything is right with the world, and no polluting influence of the villagers or of change can approach them. However, this is a false view, because change is inevitable in any culture, and even though not always accepted, changes will occur. Turnbull sees the using of a length of pipe as the Molimo trumpet, a man-made material replacing the traditional bamboo, and in this at least he understands that is not so much the ritual that is important, but the idea behind the ritual. But even in the understanding of this concept, Turnbull still argues for the non-changing Pygmy way of life, which is really not possible. I will not call the older style of Pygmy culture "isolated", because no group of people is really cut off completely from surrounding groups. Because of his immersing style of writing, Turnbull captures the spirit and heart of the Mbuti Pygmies with just the basic knowledge of how changes from the outside world affect the cultural activities of the group. He assumes the Pygmies are impervious; they may try a new activity, like raising plantations, for a while, but in the end they will always return to the forest and the hunter-gatherer way of life, because that is what they have always done and what is right for them. Herein lies the biggest error made by Turnbull in The Forest People: he doesn't give the Pygmy culture enough credit for what it is. The Mbutis are changing, dynamic piece of humanity being fueled by not only age-old traditions and customs, but also the very real beliefs and values of the tribes that they share the Congo with.

Successful Writing in College Essays

Successful Writing in College Essays Successful Writing in College Essay Successful Writing in College Essay Essay Topic: College College application Throughout college, students will be mandated to write countless numbers of essays through their college education. Various of the assignments will talk about their individual goals and desires. Writing is a way of communicating without having to use our voices.We need writing for a number of reasons. One being jobs; applications, and emailing employees. To be an effective writer you have to be able to put your words in a form where your targeted audience understands what your main points are. To be a better writer you need to take the time on working on your craft and revising your writings to become closer to writing an excellent essay. In high school, I always had the same problem in writing and reading assignments. I waited to the last night to either figure out what the heck I was going to write ortry to finish reading the chapters. I would do this assignment after assignment. I would never make a outline for my papers. I would never rereadthe chapters if I never understood the content. My pattern throughout high school was procrastination. Writing and reading are a process and they take time and full effort. â€Å"You have to sing everyday so you can build up to be amazingly brilliant.† (Jagger 1. ) To become great at something it takes a lot of practice to improve your skill. Yes some people are born with better abilities at first for reading or writing but they still have to put the effort in to become phenomenal. My procrastination would lead me to rush at the last minute and I would end up turning in terrible work for my teacher.I would always wonder whenI would get my papers back why would my grade not as well as I wanted. I would think maybe its my teachers fault and not me but then next year I had a different teacher with the same results. Would struggle with writing and reading assignments. So i took a step back for a moment is it the teachers or me? I figured out my patterns of last minute work was the probl

Sibling rivalry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sibling rivalry - Essay Example Such actions bring out feelings of mercy and pity on the part of Cinderella and hatred on the part of her stepsisters. Such opposite feelings can only come out effectively through a relationship that shows sibling rivalry between the children. Sibling rivalry usually takes the form of competition in terms of affections, character, and other issues that affect the daily lives of the children. In many occasions, sibling rivalry occurs in ways that make one side of the rivalry to portray good characters while the other side of the character displays negative characters. The side that portrays the negative characters is usually powerful and makes every effort to intimidate, frustrate, and punish the other part that shows good characters. However, the side the portrays good character eventually wins favor and succeeds in life while the other parties are punished by nature and they begin to live desperate lives. Cinderella’s story contains some aspects of sibling rivalry, which make s her stepsisters to regret their own actions as Cinderella succeeds in life. Cinderella must have stepsisters in the story in order to make her situation more traumatizing. The fact of somebody suffering in the hands of her sisters evokes feelings of hopelessness because it means that that the suffering will continue for quite a long time. Oppression that appears at home is usually more severe and disturbing than the kind of oppression that occurs due to strangers. Naturally, sisters are supposed to show kindness to fellow sisters or stepsisters. Therefore, Cinderella’s situation becomes very difficult since she has nowhere to turn after experiencing severe oppression at home. Using stepsisters as the agents of oppression creates a desperate feeling in the sense that the stepsisters had the support of their mother whereas Cinderella did not have a mother. In this manner, it becomes important to consider the fact that some of the issues that relate to the subject of sibling r ivalry must eventually relate to the matter of oppression. The role of the stepsisters in the story is to create the hostile atmosphere that makes the life of the main character unbearable. All the suffering that Cinderella experiences are connected to the actions of the stepsisters. Their lives are very different in the sense that the stepsisters live a happy and joyful life while Cinderella lives in pain, torture, and misery. Therefore, the stepsisters are used in this story to show the difference in the lives of the main characters and the origin of Cinderella’s difficult conditions. The result of this relationship is the manifestation of a range of difficulties that manifest themselves through matters of conscience and the difficulties in the relationship between the oppressors and the oppressed girl. Stepsisters are usually used in order to bring out the kind of malice and rivalry between the competing characters. Under usual circumstances, stepsisters may want to compet e with one another in a variety of ways. It is natural for stepfamilies to show such kind of rivalry and malicious intentions towards each other. However, such malice and conflict can acquire extreme dimensions when they are not carefully monitored and controlled. In the case of Cinderella, the level of malice and hatred exceeds normal

United States and Mexico's Collaboration Against Mexican Drug Cartels Essay

United States and Mexico's Collaboration Against Mexican Drug Cartels - Essay Example The main role of U.S. has been the supply of funding and intelligence to the Mexican authorities that support their domestic efforts in fighting the cartels. However, there have emerged cracks in this co-operation since it is becoming apparent that the two nations have divergent objectives in the fight (Stewart). While the Mexican government would like to eliminate or at least control the scourge at home, the U.S. government is more concerned with protecting her borders. In addition, some of the moves made in the U.S. such as the decriminalization of Marijuana are calling to question their commitment to the war and the extent to which they are willing to help fight the scourge. This paper will examine the efforts of these two neighboring States to combat jointly the drug cartels, with emphasis on the role of the U.S. in the partnership as well as how its actions weigh in on the fight. The U.S. drug strategy for Mexico is grounded on three principles, which are co-operation, containme nt, and willingness to take the responsibility for the problem (Walser 5). The co-operation between the two countries received a major shot in the arm when the former president Bush and Coldiron signed the Merida initiative that designated over $1, 4 billion dollars into Mexico and other South American nations. The idea  behind these funding was with the mandate to destroy the grip of organized crime in the regions (ONeil 64). In the recent past, the U.S has sent thousands of military personnel in Mexico to aid in training laws law enforcement agencies, they have also deployed drones to collect intelligence about the drugs crimes run-on sentence. In addition, over $3 billion is used in patrolling the U.S border to reduce the incidences of drugs being illegally brought into the United States.

Theme park report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Theme park report - Assignment Example Major reasons identified in the research are – world economic crisis, stiff local competition, low level of differentiation of services and negative image of the company regarding safety standards and bankruptcy filing. A discussion of possible solutions followed by recommendations concludes the paper. The major recommendation is to restructure the organization to enable a flatter structure for faster decision making and more employee empowerment. Introduction Theme park industry has evolved immensely over time. With a handful of theme parks concentrated within US during the beginning of the 19th century, the industry has grown tremendously. US itself has 600 entertainment parks and attractions as per recent studies while Europe houses 300 of them (Woodside and Martin 2007). The industry is cyclical and is heavily dependent on weather conditions. For example, in US, 46% of the people prefer going to theme parks during summers, 21% prefer spring while 18% prefer autumn season ( Woodside and Martin 2007). ... The company has exclusive rights to sell products bearing these characters as well as use them for advertising and promoting the â€Å"Six Flags† brand (Six Flags Annual report 2010). The theme park has been through turbulent times and had to file for bankruptcy because of the decline in visitors across its various sites. Three main reasons for this situation are as follows: Deterioration of the US and European economies (yahoo.brand.edgar-online) Excessive competition from other entertainment avenues during financial crisis years Lack of differentiation from other competitor in entertainment experience provided to the customers The company needs to formulate a strategy that can help it overcome all the above difficulties. A reduction in entry fee or overall cost of entertainment, focusing on tie ups with other entertainers to reduce competition and encouraging innovation in services within the organization culture can be some of the solutions. We will discuss each of these is sues and their solutions in greater detail in our ensuing sections. Methodology A research paper is incomplete without a mention of the methods employed to analyze and conclude a paper. Research involves data collection, its analysis and finally reaching a conclusion. Methodology helps in defining the research design, the way data is collected, the validity of the data and the limitations of the research. Two types of data have been used in the research – primary and secondary. Data directly gathered from the company is the primary data. Secondary data is the one used from other researcher’s analyses. Most of the data used in the ensuing paper is the secondary data from books and journals and

Comparative Study of Methods of Fetal Weight Estimation

Comparative Study of Methods of Fetal Weight Estimation INTRODUCTION: Knowledge of fetal weight in utero is important for the obstetrician to decide whether or not to deliver the fetus and also to decide the mode of delivery. Both low birth weight and excessive fetal weight at delivery are associated with increased risk of newborn complications during labor and the puerperium. Various clinical formulae like Johnson’s formula and Dawn’s formula have come into usage for fetal weight estimation. Another formula is the product of symphysiofundal height with abdominal girth in centimeters which gives a fairly good estimate of fetal weight. METHODS: It is a prospective observational study of 200 women at term pregnancy at a hospital.  Patients within 15 days from their Expected Date of Delivery were included in the study. The formulas used in this study are: JOHNSON’S FORMULA SYMPHYSIOFUNDAL HEIGHT X ABDOMINAL GIRTH (AG X SFH) DAWN’S FORMULA HADLOCK’S FORMULA USING ULTRASOUND. RESUTLS: There have been differing results about accuracy of various methods of estimating fetal weight. This study showed that AG X SFH was the best indicator among all other methods assessed followed by Hadlock’s formula by ultrasonographic method. CONCLUSION: Fundal height assessment is an inexpensive method for screening for fetal growth restriction. SFH measurement continues to be used in many countries on large scale because of its low cost, ease of use, and need for little training as the setup for ultrasonographic evaluation is not readily available in rural setups. KEYWORDS: Fetal Weight, At Term Pregnancy, Symphysiofundal Height, Ultrasonography, Newborn Complications INTRODUCTION Knowledge of fetal weight in utero is important for the obstetrician to decide whether or not to deliver the fetus and also to decide the mode of delivery. Both low birth weight and excessive fetal weight at delivery are associated with an increased risk of newborn complications during labor and the puerperium. The perinatal complications associated with low birth weight are attributable to preterm delivery, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), or both. For excessively large fetuses, the potential complications associated with delivery include shoulder dystocia, brachial plexus injuries, bony injuries, and intrapartum asphyxia. The maternal risks associated with the delivery of an excessively large fetus include birth canal and pelvic floor injuries and postpartum hemorrhage. The occurrence of cephalopelvic disproportion is more prevalent with increasing fetal size and contributes to both an increased rate of operative vaginal delivery and cesarean delivery for macrosomic fetuses compared with fetuses of normal weight. Estimation of fetal weight being done clinically has received much criticism for less accuracy due to observer variation. Various clinical formulae like Johnson’s formula and Dawn’s formula have come into usage for fetal weight estimation. Another formula is the product of symphysiofundal height with abdominal girth in centimeters which gives a fairly good estimate of fetal weight. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess the fetal weight in term pregnancies by various methods- abdominal girth (cms) X symphysiofundal height (cms) AG X SFH, Johnson’s formula, Dawn’s formula and Hadlock’s formula using ultrasound, and to compare the methods after knowing the actual weight of the baby after birth. MATERIALS AND METHODS It is a prospective observational study of 200 women at term pregnancy at Dhiraj General Hospital, Vadodara from 1st June 2010 to 31st May 2011. Patients within 15 days from their Expected Date of Delivery were included in the study. Cases of MULTIPLE PREGNANCIES, OLIGO/POLYHYDRAMNIOS, MALPRESENTATIONS AND FIBROID OR ADNEXAL MASSES were excluded THE METHODS JOHNSON’S FORMULA SYMPHYSIOFUNDAL HEIGHT X ABDOMINAL GIRTH. DAWN’S FORMULA HADLOCK’S FORMULA USING ULTRASOUND. JOHNSON’S FORMULA: WEIGHT IN GRAMS = (SYMPHYSIOFUNDAL HEIGHT – x) X 155. Here symphysiofundal height is taken after correcting the dextrorotation, from the upper border of symphysis to the height of the fundus. station of the head was noted: x = 12 when head was at or above the level of the ischial spines x = 11 when head was below the level of ischial spines. AG X SFH: Weight in grams = abdominal girth (AG) x symphysiofundal height (SFH) (AG X SFH) Abdominal girth was measured at the level of umbilicus and symphysiofundal height as described earlier. DAWN’S FORMULA: WEIGHT IN GRAMS = Longitudinal diameter of the uterus x (transverse diameter of the uterus)2 x 1.44 2 HADLOCK’S FORMULA: After head circumference, abdominal circumference and femur length were measured in centimeters, the sonography machine calculated the fetal weight. Fetal weight estimated by the above four methods was compared with the actual weight of the baby after birth. A comparative analysis of the four methods was done. OBSERVATION AND RESULTS TABLE I: WEIGHT WISE DISTRIBUTION TABLE II : AVERAGE ERROR IN CALCULATION OF FETAL WEIGHT IN VARIOUS GROUPS Average error in all fetal weight groups except in >3500 gms was least with AG X SFH closely followed by Hadlock’s ultrasound method. Average error in > 3500 gms group was least with Johnson’s formula. TABLE III : NUMBER OF CASES UNDERESTIMATED AND OVERESTIMATED IN VARIOUS FORMULAS Number of over and under-estimations in all fetal weight groups was calculated. AG X SFH and Dawn’s formula had a tendency to underestimate. The other 2 methods overestimated. In > 3500 gms group, all methods underestimated. TABLE IV : MAXIMUM ERROR IN ALL FETAL WEIGHT GROUPS Most marked with Dawn’s and least with AG X SFH. By both these methods maximum error was in the 3001- 3500 gms group. By Johnson’s formula, maximum error was in the TABLE V: PERCENTAGE ERROR IN VARIOUS METHODS Percentage error was calculated using: x/y x 100 x= error in grams y= birth weight in grams As seen in the table, 85.5% cases came within 15% of actual birth weight by both Hadlock’s and AG X SFH methods. As compared to only 50% and 63.5% by Dawn’s and Johnson’s formula, respectively. TABLE VI: STANDARD DEVIATION OF PREDICTION ERROR The standard deviation of prediction error was least with Hadlock’s formula, closely followed by AG X SFH. It is much higher with Dawn’s and Johnson’s formulae. The variance between the four methods was statistically different. p value DISCUSSION Birth weight is a key variable affecting fetal and neonatal morbidity, particu- larly in preterm and small-for-dates babies. In addition, it is of value in the management of breech presentations, diabetes mellitus, trial of labour, macrosomic fetuses and multiple births. Clinicians’ estimates of birth weight in term pregnancy were as accurate as routine ultrasound estimation in the week before delivery. Furthermore, parous women’s estimates of birth weight were more accurate than either clinical or ultrasound estimation. There have been differing results about the accuracy of the various methods of estimating fetal weight. This study showed that AG X SFH was the best indicator among all of the other methods assessed followed by Hadlock’s formula by ultrasonographic method. Other studies have reported limited accuracy of ultrasound EFW at term, particularly in macrosomic fetuses but over all accuracy of this formula is same for all infants. Equipped with information about the fetal weight the obstetrician managing labour is able to pursue sound obstetric management, reducing perinatal morbidity and mortality. Symphysiofundal height is one of the important clinical parameters taken for fetal weight estimation by AG X SFH, Johnson’s formula, Dawn’s formula. According to my study, Hadlock’s ultrasonographic method was the most accurate for estimating fetal weight. Of the three clinical methods, AG X SFH has better predictable results than the other 2 methods. AG X SFH, a clinical formula can be of great value in a developing country like ours where ultrasound is not available at many health care delivery centres. It is easy and simple, can be used even by midwives. With less errors AG X SFH is easier to apply by paramedical workers for the evaluation of fetal weight even in the rural setup as like our area of this study. By this study the results are suggesting that Hadlock’s formula has least standard deviation but it requires ultrasonographic evaluation. So after it, AG X SFH is the second most formula for estimation of featl weight which is clinically applicable and most reliable method in the absence of sonologic setup. CONCLUSION Fundal height assessment is an inexpensive method for screening for fetal growth restriction.1 Clinicians are biased in their fundal height measurements by knowledge of gestational age and use of a marked measuring tape. This tendency increases with higher patient BMI and with less provider experience.2 While we have yet to establish reliable tests to predict which pregnancies are at risk of developing IUGR, surveillance of fetal growth in the third trimester of pregnancy continues to be the mainstay for the assessment of fetal well-being. Such surveillance is done by regular fundal height assessment, ultrasound biometry or a combination of both methods.3 Relative growth of the SF height seems to be independent of fetal sex, maternal obesity and parity.4 There is disagreement in SFH measurement between observers regarding the ability to separate small fundal heights from those that are not small (Bailey 1989). This becomes an issue especially in a clinical setting where the pregnant woman sees more than one clinician during the course of her pregnancy. Despite this, SFH measurement continues to be used in many countries on a large scale simply because of its low cost, ease of use, and need for very little training.5 Ultrasound evaluation of fetal growth, behavior, and measurement of impedance to blood flow in fetal arterial and venous vessels form the cornerstone of evaluation of fetal condition and decision making.6 REFERENCES 1).Morse K, Williams A, Gardosi J (December 2009). â€Å" Fetal growth screening by fundal height measurment†. 2).Jelks A, Cifuentes R, Ross MG (October 2007) Clinician bias in fundal height measurement. 3).Gardosi Francis 1999, Morse et al 2009.  «Standardised protocol for measurment of symphysio fundal height » 4).Bergman E, Axelsson O, Kieler H, Sonesson C, Petzold M. Relative growth for estimation of intrauterine growth retardation. . Submitted. 2010. 5).Robert Peter J, Ho J, Valliapan J, Sivasangari S. Symphysial fundal measurement (SFH) in pregnancy for detecting abnormal fetal growth (Protocol). The Cochrane Library. 2009(Issue 4). 6).Resnik R. Intrauterine growth restriction. Obstet Gynecol. 2002 March.

Affirmative Action Essay -- Government Affirmative Action Essays

Though Affirmative Action is a current controversial issue, it is far from new; its decree has been long in the making. Perhaps it originates from amendments 13-15, the series of amendments that outlawed slavery, guaranteed equal protection under the law, and forbid racial discrimination when voting, respectively (Sykes 1). The Supreme Court’s decision in 1896, in the case of Plessy V. Ferguson, mandated separate but equal treatment for African Americans (Sykes 1). However, in 1954, the Supreme Court’s decision from Brown v. Board of Education replaced that of the Plessy v. Ferguson trial. President Lyndon Johnson was the first to use the term â€Å"Affirmative Action† in the Executive Order 11246 of 1965 (Sykes 1). This order required federal contractors to use affirmative action to make sure people were treated equally, â€Å"without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin† (Cahn 1). Two years later, Johnson amended it to incl ude women (Cahn 1). By 1971, President Nixon issued a Revised Order No. 4 that required contractors to adopt an â€Å"acceptable affirmative action program† (Cahn 1). Over the past three decades, many debates continue as to whether or not affirmative action still belongs in America. Affirmative action is an issue that evokes strong emotions for both supporters and non-supporters alike. Those against affirmative action argue that affirmative action does not help minorities but rather degrades them. They argue that affirmative action sends minorities the message that they can only succeed if they are given extra benefits; thus, resulting in damaged credibility. Often cited as example of affirmative action victims are that of Clarence Thomas and Colin Powell. Critics of affirmativ... ... http://www.pbs.org/weta/washingtonweek/voices/200304/0414action.html Sherman, Mitchell. â€Å"Equal Employment Opportunity: Legal Issues and Societal Consequences.† Public Personnel Management. Washington: March-April 2008. Print. Stevenson, Daniel C. â€Å"Affirmative Action Remains Imperative.† The Tech. Boston: 7 March 1995. Web. 28 March 2015. http://www-tech.mit.edu/V115/N9/danspew.09o.html Sykes, Marquita. â€Å"The Origins of Affirmative Action.† 2004. Web. 28 March 2015. http://www.now.org/nnt/08-95/affirmhs.html Tomasson, Richard F., Faye J. Crosby, and Sharon D. Herzberger. Affirmative Action: The Pros and Cons of Policy and Practice. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2001. Print. Yetman, Norman R. Race and Ethnicity. 2007. found in: Jackson, Robert Max. Social Foundations of Public Issues. USA. McGraw-Hill, 2013. Print. Affirmative Action Essay -- Government Affirmative Action Essays Though Affirmative Action is a current controversial issue, it is far from new; its decree has been long in the making. Perhaps it originates from amendments 13-15, the series of amendments that outlawed slavery, guaranteed equal protection under the law, and forbid racial discrimination when voting, respectively (Sykes 1). The Supreme Court’s decision in 1896, in the case of Plessy V. Ferguson, mandated separate but equal treatment for African Americans (Sykes 1). However, in 1954, the Supreme Court’s decision from Brown v. Board of Education replaced that of the Plessy v. Ferguson trial. President Lyndon Johnson was the first to use the term â€Å"Affirmative Action† in the Executive Order 11246 of 1965 (Sykes 1). This order required federal contractors to use affirmative action to make sure people were treated equally, â€Å"without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin† (Cahn 1). Two years later, Johnson amended it to incl ude women (Cahn 1). By 1971, President Nixon issued a Revised Order No. 4 that required contractors to adopt an â€Å"acceptable affirmative action program† (Cahn 1). Over the past three decades, many debates continue as to whether or not affirmative action still belongs in America. Affirmative action is an issue that evokes strong emotions for both supporters and non-supporters alike. Those against affirmative action argue that affirmative action does not help minorities but rather degrades them. They argue that affirmative action sends minorities the message that they can only succeed if they are given extra benefits; thus, resulting in damaged credibility. Often cited as example of affirmative action victims are that of Clarence Thomas and Colin Powell. Critics of affirmativ... ... http://www.pbs.org/weta/washingtonweek/voices/200304/0414action.html Sherman, Mitchell. â€Å"Equal Employment Opportunity: Legal Issues and Societal Consequences.† Public Personnel Management. Washington: March-April 2008. Print. Stevenson, Daniel C. â€Å"Affirmative Action Remains Imperative.† The Tech. Boston: 7 March 1995. Web. 28 March 2015. http://www-tech.mit.edu/V115/N9/danspew.09o.html Sykes, Marquita. â€Å"The Origins of Affirmative Action.† 2004. Web. 28 March 2015. http://www.now.org/nnt/08-95/affirmhs.html Tomasson, Richard F., Faye J. Crosby, and Sharon D. Herzberger. Affirmative Action: The Pros and Cons of Policy and Practice. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2001. Print. Yetman, Norman R. Race and Ethnicity. 2007. found in: Jackson, Robert Max. Social Foundations of Public Issues. USA. McGraw-Hill, 2013. Print.

Frankenstein/ Blade Runner Essay

Textual form is an issue which divide many critiques and audiences. Some view texts as a form being superior and more expressive, whereas others may view film as to be losing its credibility of expression. Never the less it is adamant that through a comparative study of two differing forms exploring similar ideas it becomes clear that one form isn’t always superior over another. Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein (1818) and Ridley Scott’s Blade Runner (1982) mirror this thesis. Whilst being composed more than a century apart, each explore similar ideas but approach them from different perspectives. Shelley’s epistolary novel reflects a period of Romanticism and Enlightenment through its glorification of nature, as well as its cautionary like tale of social responsibility and exploration of creator verse created. Scott’s science fiction film Blade Runner conveys the many fears surfacing from the United States in the 1980 by warning of the possible dangers associated with environmental deterioration, scientific advancements and genetic engineering. Scott scrutinizes such concepts as a world without true nature, and, like Frankenstein, the consequences of a lack of social responsibility. Shelley masterfully uses literary techniques to create her timeless classic. Similarly Scott achieves a similar prestige through his use of filmic techniques. Nature is a powerful idea explored in Frankenstein. The idea of sublime nature was embraced during Romantic period of the late 18th Century. It allowed an unrestrained emotional experience for the individual. In ‘Frankenstein’, descriptions of nature seem to appear repeatedly during emotional or significant moments in Victor’s life. Nature allows an outlet for Victor, it acts as his savoir. This connection is expressed where Victor travels back to Geneva to see his family. Here he witnesses the might of nature and its power. Such examples of this include the pathetic fallacy of ‘lightning playing on the summit of Mont Blanc’ with lightning being a recurring motif in the novel expressing how nature, whilst having to power of destruction, also has the power to illuminate and make clear. Nature also acts as a savoir to Victor in a time of sickness ‘bestowing’ on him the ‘most delightful sensation’ therefore conveying once more his connection and dependence with nature. Just as ‘Frankenstein’ glorifies nature, Blade Runner explores a world where nature has become virtually obsolete. This mirrors the public’s thoughts in the 80’s of a continued deterioration and the consequences of our overuse of nature. The opening scene of Blade Runner uses filmic techniques such as chiaroscuro to reflect the lack of nature present with the entire landscape being industrialised. The pollution of the city drowns out the suns’ light, meaning all present lighting is artificial, reflecting a world with no natural warmth or clarity. The close up fade of the eye expresses a fire burning within, a possible allusion to Hates and the underworld. The non-diegetic music played is synthetic sounding, providing an eerie setting, further enforcing a lack of nature. A lack of social responsibility is evident in Victor concerning the Creature setting up a creator verse created situation in Frankenstein. The monster reflects context of Tabula Rasa, he is a blank slate; completely innocent until experience creates perception. ‘Cursed, cursed Creator! Why did I live †¦ I know not: despair had not yet taken possession of me’. Shelley here uses rhetorical questions and emotive language to express the feeling of the Creature. The Creature believes that the blame for his suffering and pain lies with Victor’s cruelty and neglect of his creation rather than pain and anger being something innate in him. Victor through his lack of responsibility for this creation created an outcast of the monster leading to its pain. Shelley shows this in the biblical allusion ‘I ought to be thy Adam †¦I was benevolent and good: misery made me a friend’, once again strengthening the readers opinion that the creature’s suffering could have been avoided if Victor had shown sympathy towards him. Just as the monster confronts Victor in Frankenstein, Roy also confronts his creator Tyrell, in Blade Runner. Roy, being a result of genetic engineering, plays out the mindset of the public in the 1980s that eventually the birth of our advancing science may one day turn on us. The scene features shots filled with religious iconography with Tyrell draped in luxury with lit candles providing the only light in the room. The chess game which Tyrell and Sebastian are engaged in is a metaphor for the capturing of the king with the king being Tyrell and Roy achieving â€Å"checkmate†. The two shot of Roy and Tyrell during their confrontation is one of the few in the film and displays Roy as a dominant figure indicating a power shift in their relationship. Tyrell clearly acknowledges this shift when he backs away from Roy in fear. Roy is moved by this meeting as to him Tyrell is God, his creator, which is conveyed in the quote â€Å"it’s not easy to meet your maker†, a biblical allusion expressing the enormity of the meeting from Roy’s perspective. It is now clear, through the comparative study of ‘Frankenstein’ and ‘Blade Runner’ that a comparative study of two textual forms only enhances our interest in discovering the parallels present between them. ‘Blade Runner’, being a film, has clearly shown to be able to explore similar ideas as ‘Frankenstein’, a novel. Each thoroughly explores nature and its influence on the public of their time as well as the lack of social responsibility each creator had towards his created, and the consequences of those actions. Thus it is evident that difference in textual form does not weaken the depth in which similar parallels can be explored.

Flow Past Aerofoil

ME2135E Lab Report Flow Past an Aerofoil by LIN SHAODUN Lab Group Date A0066078X 2B 10th Feb 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXPERIMENTAL DATA – TABLE 1, 2, 3 2 GRAPH – ? 4 GRAPH – ? 5 GRAPH – 6 SAMPLE CALCULATION 7 DISCUSSION 8 1 EXPERIMENTAL DATA Table 1: Coordinate of Pressure Tapping Tapping No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Note: Table 2: Pressure Readings Manometer inclination: Pressure Readings Pitot Pressure Static Pressure Atmospheric Pressure Atmospheric Temperature Stall angle: At the end of the experiment 474 mm 497 mm 500 mm 29 °C (mm) 0. 0 2. 5 5. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 (mm) 0. 000 3. 268 4. 443 5. 853 7. 172 7. 502 7. 254 6. 617 5. 04 4. 580 3. 279 0 0. 025 0. 049 0. 098 0. 197 0. 295 0. 394 0. 492 0. 591 0. 689 0. 787 0 0. 032 0. 044 0. 058 0. 071 0. 074 0. 071 0. 065 0. 056 0. 045 0. 032 At the beginning of the experiment 474 mm 497 mm 500 mm 29 °C 2 Manometer Readings at various Tapping 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 478 489 494 501 505 506 506 505 502 501 500 496 478 484 492 498 500 502 502 500 499 499 495 475 478 486 494 497 499 500 498 498 498 493 476 475 480 488 493 495 498 496 496 498 486 540 532 528 522 518 516 514 507 503 502 509 562 550 546 526 522 518 514 508 504 502 495 523 520 520 518 517 516 516 515 515 515 498 516 514 515 516 515 514 514 512 513 514Table 3: Pressure Coefficients ( ) Free Stream Velocity v v v ( ) Reynolds Number 3 Coefficients at various Tapping 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 -0. 956 -0. 478 -0. 261 0. 043 0. 217 0. 261 0. 261 0. 217 0. 087 0. 043 0. 000 -0. 174 -0. 956 -0. 696 -0. 348 -0. 087 0. 000 0. 087 0. 087 0. 000 -0. 043 -0. 043 0. 783 -1. 087 -0. 956 -0. 609 -0. 261 -0. 130 -0. 043 0. 000 -0. 087 -0. 087 -0. 087 2. 174 -1. 043 -1. 087 -0. 869 -0. 522 -0. 304 -0. 217 -0. 087 -0. 174 -0. 174 -0. 087 -0. 609 1. 739 1. 391 1. 217 0. 956 0. 783 0. 696 0. 609 0. 304 0. 130 0. 087 0. 391 2. 695 2. 74 2. 000 1. 130 0. 956 0. 783 0. 609 0. 348 0. 174 0. 087 -0. 217 1. 000 0. 869 0. 869 0. 783 0. 739 0. 696 0 . 696 0. 652 0. 652 0. 652 -0. 087 0. 696 0. 609 0. 652 0. 696 0. 652 0. 609 0. 609 0. 522 0. 565 0. 609 GRAPH ? 3. 0 2. 5 2. 0 1. 5 CPL , CPU against X/C @ 4 ° Cpl 3. 0 2. 5 CPL , CPU against X/C @ 8 ° Cpl Cpu 2. 0 1. 5 Cpu CPL ,CPU CPL ,CPU 1. 0 0. 5 0. 0 -0. 5 -1. 0 -1. 5 0. 0 0. 1 0. 2 0. 3 0. 4 0. 5 0. 6 0. 7 0. 8 0. 9 1. 0 1. 0 0. 5 0. 0 -0. 5 X/C -1. 0 -1. 5 0. 0 0. 1 0. 2 0. 3 0. 4 0. 5 0. 6 0. 7 0. 8 X/C 0. 9 1. 0 Area = 0. 437 Area = 0. 813 4 3. 2. 5 2. 0 1. 5 CPL , CPU against X/C @ 12 ° 3. 0 2. 5 CPL , CPU against X/C @ 16 ° Cpl Cpu 2. 0 1. 5 Cpl Cpu CPL ,CPU CPL ,CPU X/C 0. 0 0. 1 0. 2 0. 3 0. 4 0. 5 0. 6 0. 7 0. 8 0. 9 1. 0 1. 0 0. 5 0. 0 -0. 5 -1. 0 -1. 5 1. 0 0. 5 0. 0 -0. 5 -1. 0 -1. 5 0. 0 0. 1 0. 2 0. 3 0. 4 0. 5 0. 6 0. 7 0. 8 X/C 0. 9 1. 0 Area = 0. 858 GRAPH ? Area = 0. 729 3. 0 2. 5 2. 0 1. 5 CPF , CPR against Y/C @ 4 ° Cpf Cpr 3. 0 2. 5 2. 0 1. 5 CPF , CPR against Y/C @ 8 ° Cpf Cpr CPF ,CPR 1. 0 0. 5 0. 0 -0. 5 -1. 0 CPU ,CPR Y/C 1. 0 0. 5 0. 0 -0 . 5 -1. 0 Y/C -1. 5 -0. 10 -0. 08 -0. 06 -0. 4 -0. 02 0. 00 0. 02 0. 04 0. 06 0. 08 0. 10 -1. 5 -0. 10 -0. 08 -0. 06 -0. 04 -0. 02 0. 00 0. 02 0. 04 0. 06 0. 08 0. 10 Area = 0. 032 Area = 0. 079 5 3. 0 2. 5 2. 0 CPF , CPR against Y/C @ 12 ° Cpf Cpr 3. 0 2. 5 2. 0 1. 5 CPF , CPR against Y/C @ 16 ° Cpf Cpr 1. 5 CPL ,CPU CPL ,CPU Y/C 1. 0 0. 5 0. 0 1. 0 0. 5 0. 0 -0. 5 -1. 0 -0. 5 -1. 0 Y/C -1. 5 -0. 10 -0. 08 -0. 06 -0. 04 -0. 02 0. 00 0. 02 0. 04 0. 06 0. 08 0. 10 -1. 5 -0. 10 -0. 08 -0. 06 -0. 04 -0. 02 0. 00 0. 02 0. 04 0. 06 0. 08 0. 10 Area = -0. 038 GRAPH Area = -0. 053 0. 437 0. 813 0. 858 0. 729 0. 32 0. 079 -0. 038 -0. 053 0. 434 0. 794 0. 847 0. 715 0. 062 0. 191 0. 141 0. 150 0. 439 0. 877 1. 316 1. 755 1. 8 1. 6 1. 4 1. 2 Cl Cd CL , CD against ? CL,CD, 2 1. 0 0. 8 0. 6 0. 4 0. 2 0. 0 2*Pi*a -0. 2 0. 0 2. 0 4. 0 6. 0 8. 0 ? 10. 0 12. 0 14. 0 16. 0 6 SAMPLE CALCULATION The sample calculation is based on Tapping 2 & Table 1: Coordinate of Pressure Tapping Table 3: Pressur e Coefficients 1. Air Density at 29 °C ( ) ( ) 2. Free Stream Velocity v v v ( ) 3. Reynolds Number 4. Pressure Coefficient ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 5. Lift and Drag Coefficient 7 DISCUSSION 1.Plot CL and CD against Please refer to Page 6. on the same graph. 2. Compare the experimentally measured CL with the Thin Aerofoil Theory prediction of . Discuss the similarity and discrepancy observed. The graph shows at small attack angle (4 ° and 8 °), the measured Lift coefficient is quite close to theoretical predicted value , this is because at small attack angle, air stream flows along the aerofoil surface smoothly without flow separation, which fulfills the basic assumption of Thin Aerofoil Theory, hence the experimental result matches with theoretical value well.When further increase attack angle, the streamline become highly curved, until at certain angle the streamline is no longer attached to the aerofoil surface and flow separation is occurred, massive turbulence wake appears on aero foil upper surface, which greatly reduce the lift. At this moment aerofoil is actually â€Å"blocking† the air flow, hence the Lift coefficient is significantly reduced after reach Stall angle, and can no long follow the theoretical predicted value . 3.What would you expect the lift and drag force to be when At , since the 0015 aerofoil is symmetrical, the pressure on upper and lower surface of aerofoil is the same, hence it will not produce any lift force. The of 0015 aerofoil is 0. 0147 at (when Re=80000), so there is small drag force even at 8 4. Does the why. which you have obtained gives the total drag on the aerofoil? Explain Total Drag of aerofoil is contributed by Parasite Drag and Induced Drag, the Parasite Drag is related to , while Induce drag is a byproduct of lift.Induce drag is a drag force occurs when aerofoil redirects the airflow coming at it. Refer to below diagram, the lift force is normal to chord of aerofoil, when decompose the lift force to horizontal an d vertical component, the horizontal component , which is in the same direction of drag. 5. Explain from the pressure distribution why there is a lift force. Using as example, the pressure distribution diagram shows the lower surface of aerofoil has lesser pressure drop ? igher pressure, while upper surface of aerofoil has much higher pressure drop, result in lower pressure. The integration of pressure drop along the aerofoil is the area under the curve, which represents force in a unit length of aerofoil, compare the area enclosed for upper and lower surface, we can see the there is a resultant lift force produced. 3. 0 2. 5 2. 0 1. 5 CPL , CPU against X/C @ 8 ° Cpl Cpu CPL ,CPU 1. 0 0. 5 0. 0 -0. 5 -1. 0 -1. 5 0. 0 0. 1 0. 2 0. 3 0. 0. 5 0. 6 0. 7 0. 8 0. 9 1. 0 X/C 9 6. Comment on the pressure distribution on the aerofoil when stall is reached. Using as example, when stall angle is reached, the pressure drop of upper surface become insignificant due to massive turbulent wake, h ence the lift force is greatly reduce and stall happens. 3. 0 2. 5 2. 0 1. 5 CPL , CPU against X/C @ 16 ° Cpl Cpu CPL ,CPU 1. 0 0. 5 0. 0 -0. 5 -1. 0 -1. 5 0. 0 0. 1 0. 2 0. 3 0. 4 0. 5 0. 6 0. 7 0. 8 X/C 0. 9 1. 0 10

Installing Gems from Git Repositories

Installing Gems from Git Repositories Many gems are hosted on git repositories, such as the public repositories on Github. However, to get the latest version, quite often there are no gems built for you to install with ease. Installing from git is quite easy though. First, you have to understand what git is. Git is what the developers of the library use to track the source code and to collaborate. Git is not a release mechanism. Its important to note that the version of the software you get from git may or may not be stable. Its not a release version and could contain bugs that will be fixed before the next official release. The first thing you have to do in order to install gems from git is install git. This page of The Git Book explains how to do this. Its rather straightforward on all platforms and once its installed, you have everything you need. Installing a gem from a Git repository is going to be a 4 step process. Clone the Git repository.Change to the new directory.Build the gem.Install the gem. Clone the Git Repository In Git lingo, to clone a git repository is to make a copy of it. Were going to be making a copy of the rspec repository from github. This copy will be a full copy, the same the developer will have on their computers. You can even make changes (though you wont be able to commit these changes back into the repository). The only thing you need to clone a git repository is the clone URL. This is provided on the github page for RSpec. The clone URL for RSpec is git://github.com/dchelimsky/rspec.git. Now simply use the git clone command provided with the clone URL. $ git clone git://github.com/dchelimsky/rspec.git This will clone the RSpec repository into a directory called rspec. This directory should always be the same as the final part of the clone URL (minus the .git part). Change to The New Directory This step, too, is very straightforward. Simply change to the new directory created by Git. $ cd rspec Build the Gem This step is a bit more tricky. Gems are built using Rake, using the task called gem. $ rake gem It may not be that simple though. When you install a gem using the gem command, silently in the background it does something rather important: dependency checking. When you issue the rake command, it may come back with an error message saying it needs another gem installed first, or that you need to upgrade a gem already installed. Install or upgrade this gem using either the gem command or by installing from git. You may have to do this several times depending on how many dependencies the gem has. Install the Gem When the build process is completed, you will have a new gem in the pkg directory. Simply give the relative path to this .gem file to the gem install command. Youll need administrator privileges to do this on Linux or OSX. $ gem install pkg/gemname-1.23.gem The gem is now installed and can be used just as any other gem.

The Issue of Lying Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Issue of Lying - Essay Example In other words, they are the biggest liars in the world. However, those who are constantly trying to point out the exact nature of lying and the ethical assumptions thereof are likely to be close to getting the truth right. Jack Willer just reminds readers that this talk is everlasting and dealing with white lies leads to worse lies that spring up eventually. This cycle is also never-ending. People generate the flow of lies thinking they can shift everyone’s expectations for better. In this vein, Willer asks a partially rhetoric question, namely: â€Å"Am I able to ever speak the truth† (Willer 81)? Given that, it becomes vital for everyone making it not a conundrum anymore and willing to get rid of some ethical concerns haunting people down every single day. To say more, the fight between a man and his/her consciousness is constantly growing. One can assume it as a way toward humane and morale. However, it is better to say that the poem by Willer generates the deepest feeling in an honorable man able to state all pros and cons in his character. A simple re-evaluation of such an elementary truth of lying gives one a powerful drive to the right decision-making afterwards. Probably, some of the readers were able to pinpoint their personalities throughout the poem or make it pretty close to their understanding of where the error happened once. Nevertheless, the life goes on, and the open-minded people are the ones to get Willer’s message quite seriously. The article Lying by Tim C. Mazur constitutes the same issue raised by Jack Willer, but from the philosophical point of view. His comment on the issue starts from the obvious. Taking a host of examples on how people lie to benefit or do harm to someone, he... This paper describes the truth of lying can be reached through the personal sincere realization of and confession in what one is about to achieve by means of lying. To make it plain, personal goals lead people to the possibility of lying under some definite circumstances and in order to keep oneself in safety from doing harm to anybody or to oneself, to be precise. On the basis of reason, lying is wrong as it â€Å"opposes the virtue of honesty†. This report shows a strong points of Mazur claims to reconsider the universal opinion on the â€Å"bad side† of lies and its healing or rationally correct effect as well. Frankly speaking, just an assumption on the many-faceted nature of lies was not enough for the author who tries to re-establish a sound-minded vision of this concept through the philosophical observation, so to speak. To conclude, the paper has illustrated that the problem of lying is a universal one. Jack Willer and Tim C. Mazur have identified sticking points in why people are tempted to lie every now and then. This is why lying is definitely ethically wrong, but it can be said right depending on a concrete situation and the philosophical treatment people choose to explain it. All in all, a witty person should evaluate the situation in detail so as to see whether or not the lies would benefit to the overall happiness of the society on the whole. The change starts from an ordinary man mirrored on the identities of others.

Unit 12 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 12 - Coursework Example She claims that obligation-based theories can’t be sustainable in the long run. One example where these theories fail is the bad-parent case. It is necessary that a parent instills moral values in his kids. Obligation-based theories can’t be used to explain the reason why a parent has obligation to morally educate his children. She also opposes great emphasis on contractualism. She also says that a society that does not know anything about love and partnership is bleak, and impoverished. This gives rise of the need to bridge the gap between obligation-based and care-based theories. She proposes the concept of appropriate trust (Baier, 1995) as a marriage of love, and obligation. We can’t discard the obligation-based theories completely. Rather, we shall create an ethical standard based on love, trust, and relationship. The care-aspect is a very important and meaningful in cases of parents, doctor, nurse, friends and other relationships where deepening of special relationships is like to be more moral than impartial treatment. Rough generalizations can be made in this case, but they are not enough to give guidance for the next cases. Baier’s theory seems to provide a very good explanation of the correct moral behavior for humans. In every act of his, a person should not only just perform his obligation, but also care about other people who might be affected by the

Bilateral Loans Agreement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Bilateral Loans Agreement - Essay Example It should be noted that in loans transactions, the terms and conditions must be put in writing for it to be enforceable, including the duration of the, the securities required and the amount of interest which should be imposed on top to the principal amount of the loan. The fact that the contract is unvaried at the time it is entered into by the parties, it shall remain unvaried until otherwise amended by the parties1. The loan contract may include provisions for securities such as mortgage and negative pledges. These two types of securities differ in the sense that mortgage requires that a title to specific properties of the client be given as collateral of the loan while negative securities require no bodily pledging of properties but rather a prohibition on the part of the client not to use any property thereon as securities for other obligations. In other words, it is â€Å"a promise between the borrower and the lender that the borrower will not encumber its property, including present and future property, to secure the loan of another creditor which would give the subsequent creditor priority†.2 There are many forms of restrictions available against the properties of the clients but these should be used with caution so as not to restrict the business transactions of the client. In drafting restriction clauses, due care should be taken not to confer blanket restrictions which will have an effect of freezing the total assets of the client. For instance, a blanket restrict on the manufacturing company may have the effect of prohibiting the client for selling its assets. As the manufactured goods are part of the assets of the client, a blank restriction would in effect prohibit the client from selling its manufactured goods.

Aristophanes Account of Love in Platos Symposium Essay Example for Free

Aristophanes Account of Love in Platos Symposium Essay Plato’s Symposium contains several intriguing accounts of the nature of love. Describe in detail either the account of love offered by Aristophanes or Socrates/Diotima. What arguments could be given for thinking that this is the correct conception of love? DO you find this account compelling? Be sure to explain you reasons for taking the position that you do. The Symposium, written by Plato, is an account of the different speeches given during a dinner party. Each speech given is by a different person and each speech is the speaker’s own theory on love. An intriguing speech given is the one by Aristophanes, the comedian. In Aristophanes’ speech he starts out by saying that he has a thought of plan for how humans might have come to be the way they are now. His speech is based completely on a madeup idea that he came up with. He describes the natural form of humans as two technically connected humans that together form a perfect sphere. The humans in this form had three genders. The genders were either made up of male-male, male-female, or female-female. The male-male gender was superior, as coinciding with this time, and was the offspring of the sun; the sun often referred to as a god. The androgynous gender, or male-female, was the offspring of the moon. The moon shares both the sun and the earth. The female-female then were offspring of the earth. The earth was not highly thought of, just being where humans lived and so quite used and abused [190b]. These humans all made an attempt to attack the gods which then caused the gods to take retaliatory action back. The gods decided that the human race could not be wiped out completely because that would eliminate the worship and sacrifices the gods receive. Zeus, instead, decided to cut the beings in two [190d]. â€Å"Now, since their natural form had been cut in two each one longed for its own other half† [191b]. This is where Aristophanes’ theory on love comes to. He believed each person has another half, or soul mate, they are in search of. â€Å"Love is born into every human being; [191d] it calls back the halves of our original nature together. Aristophanes suggests that one is in constant search of their other half that matches, then once found the desire they had felt because of having been separated is now healed. â€Å"The two are struck from their senses†¦don’t want to be separated from one another, not even for a moment† [192c]. In one way I find Aristophanes’ argument correct. People do seem to be in constant search for whom they want, or som etimes feel they are meant to be with. It is very interesting, however, that Aristophanes relates one’s longing and desire as a form of punishment. In the tory the longing and desire came as a punishment from the gods; the only cure for this was when the two halves were reunited. Aristophanes makes it clear two halves are meant to be together but he also contradicts his own statement, â€Å"whenever one of the halves died and one was left, the one that was left still sought another and wove itself together with that†[191b-191c]. If two halves have a certain match that they are always in constant search of, and are meant to be with, wouldn’t it only make sense that there would then not be another being that one could simply find and then weave itself with. As I previously stated, I agree with Aristophanes in one way. I think that the idea of two people being meant to be together is plausible. People are always in constant search for a soul mate. Not necessarily the â€Å"one† per say, but a person they can spend the rest of their life with. There are billions of people in the world are I think it is very possible to have multiple compatible people who can fall in love. Thus, I agree more with Aristophanes own contradiction of himself; there are multiple people who match up together and get woven together in the right way.

Child Labor in Pakistan Essay

Child Labor in Pakistan Essay Child labor refers to the employment of children at regular and sustained labor. It is the full-time employment of children under a minimum legal age. The practice of child labor is considered illegal by many countries and exploitative by many international organizations. (Child Labor at Distrcit Level, 2009)Child labor is one of the problems that occur as a result of the responses to the economic problems faced by vulnerable children. In most developed and emerging countries, use of children as labors is considered as violation of human rights and is outlawed, while some poorer and developing countries do tolerate and allow child labor. In Pakistan, a country where almost half of the population lives below the poverty line, child labor is deeply entrenched and pressing phenomenon. Child labor in Pakistan is prevalent in all sectors of the economy, thought it primarily exists in the informal sector of employment and home-based industry. Pakistans high population growth of around 1.6% poses multiple challenges and threatens to constrain limited resources and social and economic development of the country. According to the survey of Federal Bureau of Statistics (FBS) in 2002, the number of working children in Pakistan was approximately 3.5 million or 7% of the total workforce in Pakistan. However, the children under the age of 10 and those working in small and family businesses that are not registered with the government were not the part of the survey. So the actual figure is deemed to be much higher than the official figures. In Pakistan, children aged 5-14 are around 40 million. The survey conducted by UNISEF in 2003, estimated that 8 million children under the age of 14 are engaged as labors. Most of them are engaged as labors in brick kiln factories, carpet weaving centers, agriculture, small industries and domestic services. The survey also indicated that rural and urban ratio of child labors was 7:1. The province with most number of cases of child labor was Punjab with nearly 60% of the total child labor population. HISTORY AND IMPACT OF CHILD LABOR IN PAKISTAN Child labor has been prevalent in Pakistan in all the sectors of the economy, though it mostly exists in informal sector of employment and in the home based industry. In late nineties, the matter of child labor emerged as a serious consideration due to international exposure. In 1996, Pakistans Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto acknowledged the problem of child labor in the country and announced the plan to eliminate it. In his speech in April 1998, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif stated that the problem of child labor occupied a prominent place in the agenda of government of Pakistan. In 1999, Federal minister for labor and manpower, Shaikh Rashid announced a four point policy for curbing child labor in Pakistan. In Jan-99, government announced the draft of the labor policy. The policy envisaged that the government is committed to end child labor. It was also promised by the government of Pakistan in 2000, that the law to eliminate child labor and bonded labor at an economic level would be implemented in 2002 and till 2005; there would be no bonded labor or child labor in Pakistan. Even after so much regulations and promises by the government of Pakistan, the attempt has not been successful till now. Though the issue has received international attention and various organizations at international level like ILO and UNICEF are participating in the issue, still the improvement in this case is very slow. In eradicating and creating awareness against child labor in Pakistan many communities are having a stake. Some of these communities/autonomous bodies working for the cause are: Government of Pakistan Children Parliament Pakistan International Labor Organization UNICEF Other NGOs, Society and Media All the above government and private bodies are actively working for the eradication of child labor in Pakistan. The issue has been seriously addressed by the above bodies either individually or in conjunction with any other body. The role of each of the above mentioned body in the eradication of child labor in Pakistan is as follows: GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN: Government of Pakistan has been actively working for the eradication of child labor in Pakistan. Activities of government towards the issue have been gaining considerable attention since late 1990s, when the matter of child labor emerged as a serious consideration due to international exposure. In Jan-99, government announced the draft of the labor policy. The policy envisaged that the government is committed to end child labor. It was also promised by the government of Pakistan in 2000, that the law to eliminate child labor and bonded labor at an economic level would be implemented in 2002 and till 2005; there would be no bonded labor or child labor in Pakistan. Though the government has not been able to deliver on the promises made due to the increased political weaknesses in the company, still there have been continuous efforts made on their part. Government also identified poverty and lack of education for children as root causes for the child labor in the country. (Arshad)The present government in Pakistan has made elementary education compulsory for children. Along with that, the government has also made the policy of distributing free books in primary schools. This would help the parents, who cannot afford their childs education and school expenses can send their children to schools. Along with all of the above, the following laws are made by government of Pakistan to address the issue (Pakistan): National Child Labor Laws: In Pakistan a child is defined as a person younger then fifteen. The legal minimum age for employment of children is 14 for normal businesses and 15 for railways and mines. The constitution of Islamic republic of Pakistan prohibits forced labor, slavery, and employment of children below the age of 14. The government of Pakistan asserts that the labor inspectors are empowered to carry out regular visits to all employment places covered under employment of children act 1991 to check the compliance of the law at that places. Education Laws: Articles 37 (b) (c) of the constitution of Pakistan declares public policy to remove illiteracy and provide free and compulsory secondary education within the minimum possible period [and to] make technical and professional education generally available and higher education equally accessible to all on the basis of merit. Despite a law in 1962 requiring each province to designate areas where primary education is compulsory, none of the provinces have complied. As of now, the present government in Pakistan has made elementary education compulsory for children. Along with that, the government has also made the policy of distributing free books in primary schools. International Conventions: Pakistan is a party to ILO convention concerning minimum age of employment in the industry and UN convention for rights of the child. Through above legislatures and laws, and to some other timely regulations, the government of Pakistan is acting as an active community stakeholder in eradication of child labor in the country. Though in present scenario Pakistan is suffering through political weaknesses, but still government is committed to take the work one step ahead. CHILDREN PARLIAMENT OF PAKISTAN: The childrens parliament for Pakistan was launched on 14-Nov-08, by Society for the Protection of the Rights of Child (SPARC). The main aim of this parliament is to create awareness and promote child rights in the country. The members were elected from different schools of Peshawar, Islamabad, Faisalabad, Karachi, Lahore etc. Besides providing basic rights to every child in Pakistan other objectives of this parliament are: End child labor Educate every child Provide medical facilities to children Protect the children In addition, children parliament serves as their voice to convey the difficulties and problems faced by the children to government of Pakistan. INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION: With the matter of child labor in Pakistan gaining international attention, ILO has fastened its steps to address the issues. ILO does timely surveys within various industries in Pakistan suspecting large amount of child labor. (International Programme for elimination of child labor)Based on the survey they come out with survey reports addressing the issue and recommending ways to deal with the situations. Some of the latest surveys conducted by ILO in Pakistan are: Survey on Child Labor in Kasur Tanneries in 2004 Survey on Child Labor in Glass Bangles industry in Hyderabad-2004 Survey on child labor in surgical instruments manufacturing industry in Sialkot Survey on child labor in coal mine industries in Chakwal, Noshera and Shangla ILO has also been working with the government of Pakistan guiding them from time to time on this issue. It is also acting as a watch dog, inspecting the ways in which government is addressing the issue. UNICEF: The name UNICEF needs no introduction. United Nation International Childrens Emergency Fund, a UN organization has consistently working towards the development of children in underdeveloped countries. UNICEF conducts timely surveys to see the improvement in the case. The survey conducted by UNISEF in 2003, estimated that 8 million children under the age of 14 are engaged as labors. Most of them are engaged as labors in brick kiln factories, carpet weaving centers, agriculture, small industries and domestic services. The survey also indicated that rural and urban ratio of child labors was 7:1. The province with most number of cases of child labor was Punjab with nearly 60% of the total child labor population. UNICEF also set-up centers in the Pakistan, helping destitute children get home. Pakistan is also amongst the countries that get funding from UNICEF to promote the steps in eradication of child labor. OTHER NGOS SOCIETY AND MEDIA: This is another group of very important stakeholders in the issue of child labor in Pakistan. NGOs like ACM Apostolic Charismatic Ministry and Child Reach International has continuously worked towards the development of children in Pakistan to eradicate child labor. Though the NGOs in Pakistan dont get proper funding from government of Pakistan neither from any corporate bodies, still the work they do in crating awareness and providing elementary education to children is quite appreciable. Society and media as a whole has a major role to play in the eradication of child labor in Pakistan. These two stakeholders are still dormant in the issue, but for the development of children in Pakistan society and media have to play a major part. Poverty levels in Pakistan appear to necessitate that children work in order to allow the families to reach their target take-home pay. The lack of economic opportunity for adult employment in Pakistan needs to be studied and taken under consideration; the government also needs strict to inspect the strict implementation of laws made by it. Lack of education is another reason for the high rate of child labor in Pakistan. Thought government of Pakistan has made policies for providing free elementary education to children, the policies need strict implementation to address the issue. Also, other stakeholders of the issue specially Children parliament, ILO, UNICEF, Media and NGOs have to work in tandem to create awareness for the rights of the children in the country. REFERENCES (n.d.). Retrieved Aug 1, 2010, from www. unicef. org: www. unicef. org/ protection/ index_3717. html Ahmad, M. (2001). Child Labor: A time to reflect. In M. Ahmad, Child Labor: A time to reflect. UNICEF. Arshad, R. (n.d.). Child labor in Pakistan. Retrieved Aug 1, 2010, from http://www.hamariweb.com: http://www.hamariweb.com/articles/article.aspx?id=91 Child Labor at Distrcit Level. (2009, Sep). Retrieved August 1, 2010, from http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de: http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/17333/1/MPRA_paper_17333.pdf H.Zaidi, H. (2004, Jan). Baseline survey report on child labor. Retrieved Aug 1, 2010, from http://www.ilo.org: http://www.ilo.org/ipecinfo/product/viewProduct.do?productId=5225 International Programme for elimination of child labor. (n.d.). Retrieved Aug 1, 2010, from http://www.ilo.org: http://www.ilo.org/ipecinfo/product/searchProduct.do;?type=normaltitle=selectedMonthFrom=-1productYearFrom=selectedMonthTo=-1selectedCountries=342selectedMediaTypes=14keywords=userType=3selectedFieldOfficeId=-1resultPerPage=20selectedSortById=4 Pakistan. (n.d.). Retrieved Aug 1, 2010, from http://www.dol.gov: http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/sweat/pakistan.htm Population census organization. (n.d.). Retrieved Aug 1, 2010, from http://www.statpak.gov.pk: http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/pop_sex_ratio_growth_rate/pop_sex_ratio_growth_rate.html COMMUNITY PROGRAM TO ADDRESS CHILD LABOR IN PAKISTAN ABSTRACT Child labor refers to the employment of children at regular and sustained labor. It is the full-time employment of children under a minimum legal age. The practice of child labor is considered illegal by many countries and exploitative by many international organizations. (Child Labor at Distrcit Level, 2009)Child labor is one of the problems that occur as a result of the responses to the economic problems faced by vulnerable children. In most developed and emerging countries, use of children as labors is considered as violation of human rights and is outlawed, while some poorer and developing countries do tolerate and allow child labor. In Pakistan, a country where almost half of the population lives below the poverty line, child labor is deeply entrenched and pressing phenomenon. Child labor in Pakistan is prevalent in all sectors of the economy, thought it primarily exists in the informal sector of employment and home-based industry. Pakistans high population growth of around 1.6% poses multiple challenges and threatens to constrain limited resources and social and economic development of the country. The paper designs a community program to address the issue of child labor in Pakistan. It identifies various stakeholders in the issue and based on certain strategies and programs, intends to bring an effective social change. The paper also addresses potential challenges in the way of eradicating the child labor in Pakistan and ways for addressing the issue. GOAL OF THE STUDY: The primary goal of the study is identifying the trends in the issue if child labor in Pakistan. Based on the issue, paper intends to identify various stakeholders of the issue. The aim of studying this is to a community program to address the issue of child labor in Pakistan. It identifies various stakeholders in the issue and based on certain strategies and programs, intends to bring an effective social change. The paper also addresses potential challenges in the way of eradicating the child labor in Pakistan and ways for addressing the issue. The goals had been made keeping in mind the resources available in Pakistan to bring a social change. Political weakness in the economy of Pakistan has also been kept in mind. The success of this community program depends upon the working in conjunction of the stakeholders of the issue. STRATEGIES TO BE ADOPTED In order to eradicate child labor in Pakistan both preventive and corrective strategies are proposed. Successful intervention models are also founded so that the change in knowledge would be easier to bring about, attitude change requires relatively longer time frame and finally the change in total mind set and behavioral change requires the longest time. Interventions are to be phased out in the time bound manner and change strategies are age specific and gender equitable. GENERAL AND POSITIVE ACTION STRATEGIES: The following general and positive action strategies are requires to be taken to address the issue of child labor in Pakistan: Change in attitude of stakeholders: Awareness campaigns, counseling sessions and advocacy workshops need to be geared towards parents for gaining their confidence and for raising their awareness about the ill-effects of child labor concerning their children. The campaigns and counseling would highlight the alternatives of child labor, including non-formal and formal education and apprenticeship. Parents would be educated about the benefits of schooling in terms of income and increased efficiency and guiding that child labor in many cases is futile with a very meager income associated with it. Similar services for gaining employers confidence would be arranged for building support for struggle in eliminating child labor. Carefully designed educational and informative conferences and/or seminars would be arranged to restore the self esteem and dignity of labor. Labor Department working with industry should work with missionary zeal in order to accomplish an eventual elimination of labor in a reasonable time frame. Poverty Alleviation: Numerous steps would be aimed at familys alternative income generation and poverty. Poverty alleviation would be addressed very seriously at different levels with the involvement of international organizations, various non-government agencies and Provincial, federal and district governments. The problem of child labor in Pakistan can be managed effectively only if the problem of poverty is worked out effectively, through income generation projects for society and parents and through equitable and fair access to safety nets such as zakat funds and other benevolent programs. Poverty alleviation efforts of provincial and state governments PRSP (Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper) would coincide well with time-bound program endeavors targeted at phasing out child labor from the country. (Beig, 2004)The survey carried out by ILO in 2004 in coal mine industries in Chakwal, Noshera and Shangla revealed following figures: Chakwal: Category Sample Plan Actual Interview conducted Working Children 450 126 Parents 12 16 Employers 60 27 Total 522 169 Chirat/ Noshera: Category Sample Plan Actual Interview conducted Working Children 400 48 Parents 5 4 Employers 10 13 Total 415 65 Drop-out Survey: Category Sample Plan Actual Interview conducted School-going 150 250 Drop-outs 15 27 Parents 27 22 Teachers 40 38 Total 212 337 Formal Schooling, Non-Formal Schooling and Vocational Training: (Kulsoom, 2009)Poverty being major reason for majority drop-outs, provision of fee and subsidized education would be recommended at formal schools. Formal school teachers need to be trained to adopt child friendly teaching methodologies and attitude in order to reduce risk of drop-outs. Apart from the traditional program of study, training at non-formal educational schools should include vocational training health and safety education. NFE schools would be a really essential measure because to stop the supply of labor at source, alternative sources of productive engagement needs to be available with children. Quality of education will also be enhanced and it needs to be attractive and relevant to help reduce the drop-out tendency in schools. Issues concerning child labor, including information about the hazardous nature of child labor and gender biases needs to be incorporated into the educational curriculum of non-formal and formal schools for both male and female students. Occupational health hazards and safety measures: Till the child labor is eliminated totally, the culture of occupational safety would be promoted in all industries by raising awareness through advocacy seminars. These awareness-related advocacy seminars should be arranged at the worksites and at community level, would also be used for educating children about the ill effects of child labor and raising awareness about the value of education and its other positive alternatives. The Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) study undertaken by ILO in 2004 also yielded detailed insights on the same issue. In addition to seminars, group meetings and workshops would also be arranged on a sustainable basis for promoting norms and adopting preventive health measures. Improved Legislative Measures: Steps would be taken for enforcement of existing labor laws. Till the child labor is completely eliminated, increased protection to child workers would be provided upon the consent of the government against the violation of their rights and against unsafe industrial practices including child labor. High powered mystery clients would be requested to monitor adherence in safety standards along with labor departments and ILO monitors. PARTNERSHIPS AND CAPACITY BUILDING: ILO would be requested to build strategic alliances with Non Governmental Organization in Pakistan. ILO also need to consider alliances with consultation agencies working on child labor issues to use them as catalyst-facilitators, monitors and trainers in working towards the common goal of eradicating child labor and reducing its ill-effects. To rectify the problem of child labor, cross agency partnerships in Pakistan would be prompted till the operations are self sustained and fully streamlined. These partnerships would be supported by ILO and jointly partnered with government agencies in Pakistan and with relevant international agencies such as UNICEF, UN department for Assistance Framework (UNDAF) and other stakeholders like NGOs, Media etc. cost effective innovative transformations would be geared towards effective building of District level labor departments, Provincial planning, district governments and NGOs. The aim of training would be to i nculcate learning about a proactive work culture along with a missionary zeal in addressing the issue of child labor in Pakistan. MEDIA SUPPORT: Various media like T.V, Press, and Internet media would be involved in the broad-based awareness regarding the child labor issues, including vocational and formal education. Effective information, education and communication materials would be created and would be disseminated to press and other media in order to win their support and create awareness. Electronic media would be used later as an effective partner in the struggle against the child labor in Pakistan. Strategies will also be made to gain the confidence of electronic media through workshops, conferences and meetings. All the above strategies used for community engagement are based on the following model. Different Stakeholders that are involved in this program of community engagement are: Government of Pakistan International Labor Organization (ILO) United Nation International Children Emergency Fund (UNICEF) Society, especially parents of the children UN Department for Assistance Framework (UNDAF) Non Government Organizations (NGOs) Schools and their staffs, especially teachers Employers Labor Union Media in all forms Children Themselves POTENTIAL CHALLENGES AND THE ROAD AHEAD Potential challenges in the way of making community engagement for eradicating child labor in Pakistan are: Weak Political and Economic Scenario in Pakistan: Pakistan is going through a period of weak political and economic scenario. So that will be the major potential challenge in making the community engagement because in an unstable economy implementing legislatures is a very difficult task. Also, making arrangements for funds in a weak political scenario becomes difficult because in this case government may not be ready to fund the program. For overcoming this challenge, fund needs to be raised from major corporate. They should be encouraged to fund the program as much as possible as the part of their corporate social responsibility. For implementing the legislatures, proper alliance needs to be made between Government bodies and foreign bodies like ILO and UNICEF who are already working for the cause. These bodies will help monitoring laws and legislatures formed. Poverty: Poverty is another major challenge in the effectiveness of community engagement in Pakistan. Most families send their children to work to reach their target take-away home pay. So making them understand about not considering the pay of their children as the major factor would be really difficult. To overcome this challenge, workshops would be held and proper counseling would be provided to parents about the harmful effects of child labor and benefits of elementary education for the future of their children. Attitudes of Employers, Parents and Children: This is another challenge in the effectiveness of the community program. In various industries children are considered as cheap labors. So changing the attitude of the employers about employing children by considering them as cheap labor would be difficult to change. Every business needs to be inspected at intervals along with counseling and advocacy meetings with employers to change the attitude of the employees. Same would be the problem with Parents and children. This would be addressed by showing the ill-effects of child labor and benefits of education. Though poverty levels in Pakistan appear to be a necessitate reason that children work in order to allow the families to reach their target take-home pay, effective community engagement can help raise awareness against the issue. The lack of economic opportunity for adult employment in Pakistan needs to be studied and taken under consideration; the government also needs strict to inspect the strict implementation of laws made by it. Lack of education is another reason for the high rate of child labor in Pakistan. Thought government of Pakistan has made policies for providing free elementary education to children, the policies need strict implementation to address the issue. Also, other stakeholders of the issue specially Children parliament, ILO, UNICEF, Media and NGOs have to work in tandem to create awareness for the rights of the children in the country.